In English

didi qarTul-inglisuri leqsikoni

 

 

winasityvaoba

 

fsiqologiuri principebi (romlebic sityvaTa Zebnisas maqsimalurad azRvevs enis Semswavlels mosalodnel sirTuleTagan) kvlav da kvlav ejaxeba gramatikul principebs (ix., mag., Zireuli da nawarmoebi sityvebi), agreTve sivrcis tipografiul aTvisebas, nabeWdi gverdis unarian organizacias da a.S. amdenad, leqsikonis zedapiruli gadaTvalierebisas kritikosi SeiZleba waawydes TiTqosda SemTxveviT Seusabamobebs, Tumca es Seusabamobani Sepirobebulia ZiriTadi Tvalsazrisebis kompromisuli morigebiT.

 

ludvig vitgenStaini, leqsikoni saxalxo

skolebisaTvis, 1926.

                    (Ludwig Wittgenstein, Wörterbuch für Volksschulen. 1926).

 

      Tu ganwirulad yivis vinme, rogorc SeSlili, _

            es Surisgebis niSania, RvTiT movlenili,

      adamis modgmas maradiul tanjva-godebad

ergo sityvaTa Sekoneba leqsikonebad.

 

samuel jonsoni.

(Samuel Johnson)

 

ra Segvaqvs am leqsikonSi?

 

am leqsikonis mizania inglisuri ekvivalentebis warmodgena qarTuli enis SeZlebisamebr sruli leqsikuri korpusisaTvis rogorc saliteraturo _ uZvelesi, klasikuri Tu Tanamedrove _ enis, ise sasaubro metyvelebisa da dialeqturi masalis gaTvaliswinebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, masSi SevitaneT qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis (amieridan qegl-is) rvatomeulis (1950-1964; arnold Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT) praqtikulad yvela sityva-statia. es masala Sejerda kita Cxenkelisa da iolanda marSevis qarTul-germanul leqsikonTan (Kita Tschenkéli & Iolanda Marchev, Georgisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch, 1965-1974) da rig SemTxvevaSi ganivrco kidec am leqsikonis masaliT. meore ZiriTadi wyaroa qarTuli yoveldRiuri da kvireuli presis (1999-2002) monacemTa baza, Sedgenili irakli iakobaSvilis mier; saZiebo internetuli sistema daamuSaves doc. levan CxaiZem da daviT jaSma (es masala moicavs daaxloebiT or milion sityva-formas maTi Sexvedris sixSiris CvenebiT). mesame wyarod gamoviyeneT ormocamde didi moculobis teqstis eleqtronuli versia Tanamedrove qarTveli mwerlebis, ZiriTadad romanistebis nawarmoebebidan _ masSi Semavali yvela sityva-formis siiTa da saZiebo sistemiTurT. meoTxe ZiriTadi wyaroa ilia abulaZisa da zurab sarjvelaZis mier Sedgenili Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonebi Tu leqsikuri masalebi. gamoyenebulia (SerCeviT) Tanamedrove qarTuli enis 30-mde dialeqturi leqsikoni da mecnierebisa da teqnikis sxvadasxva dargis terminologiuri leqsikonebi.

Cven mier gamoyenebul literaturas erTvis zogi sxva wyaroc, kerZod, XIX-XX sauk. qarTul-rusuli leqsikonebi, gansakuTrebiT, niko da daviT CubinaSvilebisa da qeTevan daTikaSvilisa. gamoviyeneT ivane javaxiSvilis saerTo redaqciiT momzadebuli “masalebi saqarTvelos Sinamrewvelobisa da xelosnobis istoriisaTvis” (cxra wigni), agreTve literaturuli teqstebisa da folkloris akademiur gamocemebs darTuli SeniSvnebi. dasasrul, Setanili gvaqvs didZali masala Tanamedrove sasaubro metyvelebidan, maT Soris vulgaruli da specialuri gamoTqmebic, romlebic savele muSaobis Sedegad moipova lorens broersma 2001-2004 wlebSi.

leqsikonis ZiriTad nawilSi movaqcieT is elementebic, romlebic, Cveulebriv, calke nakveTebad SeaqvT xolme leqsikonebSi. ase, magaliTad, sakuTari saxelebi (adgilTa da pirTa saxelebi) da Semokleba-abreviaciebi Setanili gvaqvs sazogado saxelTa da Seumoklebel formaTa gverdiT. ase imitom moviqeciT, rom Tanamedrove qarTuls aklia mTavruli asoebi, inicialuri wesiT gaformebuli abreviaciebisaTvis ki wertilebi ar gamoiyeneba, ris gamoc amgvari formebi xSirad Cveulebriv sityvebs emsgavseba da SeiZleba daemTxves kidec.

im momxmarebelTaTvis, romlebmac kargad ar ician qarTuli, leqsikonSi Segvaqvs, qegl-is msgavsad, calkeuli damxmare morfemebic maTi semantikuri funqciebisa Tu gramatikuli niSnebis mokle ganmartebiTurT. es morfemebi Setanilia mxolod maSin, roca isini produqtiulia, e.i. roca maTi Sexameba kvlavac warmoqmnis axal sityvebs. iseTi araproduqtiuli sufiqsebi, rogoricaa, mag., -jeradi, calke erTeulebad ar gagvitania, vinaidan yovel sityvas, romelic am sufiqss dairTavs, ukve Tavisi adgili aqvs miCenili leqsikonSi da axal sityvebs es sufiqsi aRar warmoqmnis. meore mxriv, iseTi sufiqsebi, rogoricaa -Tan, produqtiulia TiTqmis usasrulobamde da amitom leqsikonSi isini calke erTeulebadaa gatanili.

Secdomebi Tu mogvdioda, es xdeboda saleqsikono erTeulTa ufro Setanis, vidre amoRebis mimarTulebiT. kerZod, poetebis mier gamogonil sityvaTagan an adreul leqsikografTa mier SeTxzul Tu SecdomiT Setanil sityvaTagan, romlebic Semdgom aRaravis uxmaria, leqsikoni gaicxrila: varCieT ufro Segvetana ucnobi, vidre gamogvericxa nacnobi sityvebi. zogi im iSviaTi sityvis mniSvneloba, romlebic gvxvdeba 1200-1800 wlebis bundovan konteqstebSi, kvlavac mkiTxaobis sagnad rCeba _ maSinac ki, roca isini berZnulidan Targmnil teqstebSi dasturdeba, xolo niSani † (= ‘moZvelebuli’) SeiZleba arazust Targmanze mimaniSnebel gafrTxilebadac miviRoT. momxmarebelTa mxriv rusulis codnas leqsikoni ar iTvaliswinebs: amitom qarTulSi xSirad xmarebuli rusuli sityvebi (mag., manqanis nawilTa saxelebi) leqsikonSi Setanilia saTanado miTiTebiT.

 

amoRebuli sityvebi

 

leqsikonidan Zalian cota sityvaa amoRebuli. esenia, mag., defisiT SeerTebuli sityvebi, romelTa saerTo mniSvneloba udris calkeuli komponentebis mniSvnelobaTa jams. rig SemTxvevaSi, sadac masdariseul -eba da saTanado zmnur -ebs daboloebas moepoveba  Zalze iSviaTad  dadasturebuli mocile forma -oba /

-obs, arastandartuli (araliteraturuli) forma zogjer ar Segvaqvs. msgavsadve, roca -uli daboloebiani vnebiTi gvaris namyos mimReobis mocile -ili daboloebiani forma Zalze iSviaTad dasturdeba, aseTi masalac SeiZleba amogveRo (Tuki mocile formebi xSirad gvxvdeba, maSin isini, cxadia, Segvaqvs). ar Segvitania agreTve erTi wyeba rusuli sityvebisa, romlebic sasaubro qarTulSi ki xSirad ixmareba, magram gacnobierebulia (an ironiulad gaiazreba), rom es araqarTuli, ucxoenovani gamoTqmebia. SevelieT zog sabWour, gansakuTrebiT, politikur terminsac, romlebic advilad amoicnoba maTi inglisuri transliteraciiT gadmoRebisas da romlebsac arasdros hqoniaT realuri mniSvneloba maTTvis, visac isini warmouTqvams an gaugonia. ar Segvitania zogi iseTi germanizmic, rogoricaa, mag., Landsturm da zogi sabWouri kompoziti, romlebic araviTar realobas ar asaxavs, magram Tavadve Seicavs ganmartebas (mag., eleqtrosawvimari).

saerTaSoriso sityvebis yvela variantia mocemuli, roca maTi mniSvneloba inglisurSi gansxvavebulia, anda roca maTi saerTaSoriso warmomavloba maSinve ar amoicnoba; Tuki isini qarTulsa da inglisurSi semantikuri ekvivalentebia, maSin warmodgenilia TiTo magaliTi (mag., absenteizmi), xolo maTi momdevno (imave fuZisagan nawarmoebi) sityvebi (mag., absenteisti) aRar Segvitania.

leqsikonSi calke erTeulebad ar Sesula arc garkveuli araliteraturuli formebi, romelTac Tamamad SeiZleba ‘araswori’ ewodos. mag., formebi, romlebSic berZnuli ch transliterirebulia x asoTi q-s nacvlad; formebi, romlebSic berZnuli h, rusulis gavleniT, transliterirebulia g grafemiT, xolo rusuli ã _ R asoTi g-s nacvlad.

SeiniSneba, rom qarTulSi mravali rusuli sityva asimilirebulia da qarTuli afiqsebiTaa gaformebuli (msgavsad anglicizmebis didi nakadisa bolo TxuTmeti wlis manZilze). amitom iZulebulni gavxdiT, maTi xmarebis sixSireze dayrdnobiT, migveRo xisti gadawyvetileba maTi qarTulSi asimilirebis Taobaze (iseve rogorc Svidasi wlis winaT qarTvel leqsikografebs mouxdebodaT arCevanis SeCereba qarTul diskursSi xmarebul sparsul sityvebze). mravali axali sityva, romlebic transliterirebulia ucxo enebidan, sxvadasxvagvarad aris gadmoRebuli: mag., killer SeiZleba Segvxvdes rogorc kileric da qileric. orives Setana gamoiwvevda saleqsikono erTeulTa xelovnur gamravlebas. transliteraciuli cdomilebebi dasavluri enebidan Semosuli sityvebisa (mag., pakti nacvlad paqtisa ‘pact’) leqsikonSi, Cveulebriv, ar aisaxeba.

rusuli sityvebis transliteraciaSi rbili Tanxmovani xan ismis, xan _ ara (mag., pliaJi/ plaJi), rusuli xmovnebi ki zogjer warmodgenilia fonetikuri warmoTqmiT (mag., ïîáåäà «gamarjveba»,  magram: “Ïîáåäà” pabeda _ sabWoTa manqanis modeli). Clinton (aSS-is prezidentis gvari) qarTul presaSi oTxi saxiTaa dadasturebuli: klintoni (literaturulad swori forma), qlintoni, klinToni da qlinToni. maqsimumi, rac Cven SegviZlia, es aris yvelaze gavrcelebul, tradiciul formaTa aRnusxva; sxva SemTxvevaSi saleqsikono erTeulis mosaZebnad momxmarebels SeiZleba mouxdes arafSvinvieri bgeris Canacvleba fSvinvieriT.

inglisuri transliteracia mihyveba britanuls da ara amerikuls. Cven SevecadeT SegverCia neitraluri registri, romelic miRebulia sxva enis (da kulturis) Targmnisas. gamonakliss warmoadgens moZvelebuli inglisuris okazionaluri gamoyeneba, mag., hither sityvis (-)mo- prefiqs-infiqsiani xmareba qarTuli zmnebis “saaqeTo” orientaciis saCveneblad, xolo thither – Sesabamisi mi-/wa-preverbiani (an zogadad mo-nakluli) zmnebisaTvis, mosaubrisagan (“saiqiTo”) moZraobis saCveneblad.

Cven miznad davisaxeT mogveca qarTuli sityvis mniSvnelobis eqsplicituri interpretacia im frazebsa Tu idiomebSi, romlebSic igi Cveulebriv gvxvdeba. magram uadgilobis gamo aq ver viZleviT inglisuri sinonimebis srul nusxas, iseve rogorc vrcel ganmartebas inglisur ekvivalentTa mniSvnelobisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. leqsikoni, pirvel yovlisa, orientirebulia inglisurenovan mkiTxvelze, romelmac unda gaiazros qarTuli teqsti an diskursi; xolo qarTveli momxmareblis interesTa dakmayofileba (mag., inglisuri winadadebis asagebad) leqsikonis mxolod meore rigis amocana SeiZleba iyos. miuxedavad amisa, imedi gvaqvs, rom leqsikoni gamoadgeba da sasargeblo aRmoCndeba qarTveli momxmareblisTvisac, gansakuTrebiT, iseTi erTenovani leqsikonebis gamoyenebisas, rogoricaa Oxford English Dictionary, anda Hornby’s Dictionary of English for Advanced Learners. am leqsikonSi qarTveli mkiTxveli ipovis mTel rig iseT qarTul sityvebsac, romlebic ufro zustadaa ganmartebuli (Targmnili), vidre winamaval leqsikonebSi, zogi ki saerTod aq pirvelad ganimarteba. Y

 

 

ra saxiT Segvaqvs qarTuli sityva leqsikonSi

 

standartizebul formebi

 

meTaur sityvebad SevecadeT Segvetana Tanamedrove standartizebuli formebi v. Tofuriasa da iv. gigineiSvilis mier Sedgenili qarTuli enis orTografiuli leqsikonis bolo, 1998 wlis gamocemis mixedviT. gaTvaliswinebuli gvaqvs defisis gamoyenebis axali wesebic da sakmaod rTuli rekomendaciebic v bgeris CarTva-dakargvis Sesaxeb garkveuli xmovnebisa da Temis niSnebis win. magram, amasTanave, viZleviT alternatiul (adrindel, moZvelebul) dawerilobasac, romelic miCneulia arastandartul formebad da gamoixateba (◊) niSniT, an piriqiT: warmodgenilia standartuli forma (st) niSniT. Cven mier mowodebuli gramatikuli informacia (mag., zmnaTa aoristi (namyo sruli) da perfeqti (I TurmeobiTi) da agreTve ZiriTadi (“sabaziso”) forma, romlisganac SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva qcevis an gardauval, pasiur formaTa warmoeba), Cveulebriv, mosdevs Tanamedrove standartizebul formebs. citatebSi ki mkiTxveli arastandartul formebsac Sexvdeba _ im SemTxvevebSi, roca redaqtorebma Tavs ar idves cnobili mwerlis enis Secvla an andazebis Casworeba normebis mixedviT. zogi gramatikosi albaT ar mogviwonebs Tanamedrove normebis dacvas (mag., erTpirian gardamaval zmnebSi n-s amoRebas fuZesa da perfeqtul daboloebas Soris): Cven, Tanamedrove mwerlebisa da Jurnalistebis umetesobis msgavsad, vwerT: utiria, da ara utirnia (Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, ilustraciebSi -n- SenarCunebulia _ gansakuTrebiT, cnobili poetebis enaSi).

Tanamedrove normaTa Soris araerTia iseTi, romelsac ufro arRveven, vidre icaven (mag., b-Ti dawyebul fuZeebTan h-s xmareba me-3 iribobieqturi piris niSnad), magram Cven maT mainc vicavT.

(◊) niSniT gamoxatuli arastandartuli formebi aseTebad CaiTvleba, Tu isini warmoadgenen subliteraturul Tu moZvelebul formebs, an barbarizmebs, anda _ gaurkveveli warmomavlobis “upasporto” dialeqtizmebs.

gramatikuli informacia, romelsac TiTqmis yvelgan viZleviT (mag., saxelebSi _ “Zlier” naTesaobiTs an micemiTs, sadac SenarCunebulia Ziriseuli i; zmnebSi _ aoristisa da perfeqtis me-3 piris mxoloobiTis formebi), zogjer amoRebulia. es imiT aris gamowveuli, rom maTi dadastureba ver moxerxda (gansakuTrebiT es exeba moZvelebul da dialeqtur masalas).

mravalpiriani zmnebis sintaqsuri mimarTebebi gadmocemulia simboloebiT: (S), (DO), (IO), romlebic Sesabamisad aRniSnaven subieqts, pirdapir obieqtsa da irib obieqts. amasTan, frCxilebSi viZleviT agreTve “Zlieri” aoristis mxoloobiTi ricxvis meore piris formasac (anu gaSlili fuZis umokles formas), Tuki es zmna gavrcelebulia da saamiso adgilic gvaqvs. mag., mokla (2 mokali).

 

 

formaTa simravle

 

bevri qarTuli zmna, gansakuTrebiT, onomatopoeturi, anu xmabaZviTi sityvebi, transliterirebuli ucxouri sityvebi, dialeqturi warmoSobis an, upiratesad, Zvel teqstebSi  dadasturebuli sityvebi sxvadasxva dawerilobiTaa warmodgenili: mJReri Tanxmovani SeiZleba Caenacvlos yrus, fSvinvieri _ arafSvinviers. aman uamrav saleqsikono erTeuls gauxsna gza, romelTagan zogi Tumc moklea, magram yovel maTganTan, jvaredini miTiTebis wesiT, naCvenebia standartulad miCneuli formebi.

sxva SemTxvevebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki zedsarTavebsa da mimReobebTan, erTeulTa simravles qmnis fakultatiuri fuZeebi Zirisa da daboloebaTa mravalferovani kombinaciebis Sedegad. es elementebi mrgval frCxilebSia Casmuli. niSani lst miuTiTebs, rom normatiulia vrceli forma frCxilebSi Casmul elementebianad; niSani sst miuTiTebs, rom normatiulia mokle forma frCxilebSi Casmuli elementebis gamoklebiT. Tuki formebs amgvari miTiTeba ar axlavs, yoveli maTgani misaRebia.

 

 

omonimebi

 

leqsikonSi omonimebi calke erTeulebad ar Segvitania: formiT Tanxvedrili sxvadasxva sityva erT sityva-statiaSia gaerTianebuli: mag., myofadis mimReoba gasaxvevi (‘rac / raSic unda gaixves’) da arsebiTi saxeli gasaxvevi (quCisa: ‘saiTac unda gavuxvioT’), anda: zmna gava da arsebiTi saxeli gava erT saleqsikono erTeulSia moqceuli, oRond gansxvavebuli numeraciiT: kursiviT ki naCvenebia metyvelebis nawili.

 

 

metyvelebis nawilTa klasifikacia

 

metyvelebis nawilebad sityvaTa dajgufebisas (arsebiTi saxelebi, zmnebi da a.S.) ZiriTadad qegl-s mivyvebiT, Tumca miseuli sistema erTgvarad gavamartiveT. magaliTad, namyos, myofadisa da uaryofiTi mimReobebi zedsarTav saxelebSi movaqcieT, roca isini faqtobriv da arsebiTi saxelisa da mimReobis Sexamebas warmoadgenen. amrigad, mimRebi moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobaa, xolo laqmimRebi _ zedsarTavi saxeli. mkiTxvels vTxovT mogvitevos, rom Tanamimdevruloba bolomde ar dagvicavs. es imiTaa gamowveuli, rom zRvari zedsarTavsa da mimReobas Soris _ iseve rogorc arsebiT saxelsa da masdars Soris, anda rTul sityvasa da prefiqsiT nawarmoeb sityvas Soris _ sakmaod bundovania.

 

arsebiTi saxelebi, zedsarTavi saxelebi, nacvalsaxelebi

yvela saxeli warmodgenilia saxelobiTi brunvis formiT mxoloobiTSi (iSviaTad mxoloobiTis forma saxels saerTod ar gaaCnia da maSin igi mravlobiTSi dgas, mag., ardadegebi). Tu saxeli brunebis regularul wess mihyveba, e.i. saxelobiTSi aqvs -i sufiqsi (Tanxmovanze fuZegaTavebul saxelebs), anda fuZe uTavdeba -a-ze  an -e-ze, naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi  mas daerTvis -is da -iT niSnebi, xolo -o-ze an -u-ze fuZegaTavebul saxelTa naTesaobiTis forma imeorebs micemiTisas: -os /-us, moqmedebiTSi ki erTvis -Ti (kinoTi). araviTari sxva cnoba saxels ar axlavs. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi naTesaobiTis daboloeba frCxilebSia miTiTebuli. saxelebs (gansakuTrebiT iseT sakuTar saxelebs, rogoricaa giorgi, akaki... da nasesxebi sityvebi, mag., alibi, harakiri...), romlebic micemiTsa da moTxrobiTSi inarCuneben fuZiseul bolokidur -i xmovans, frCxilebSi axlavs micemiTis daboloeba. brunvis formebi mokle variantiTaa warmodgenili grZeli forma gulisxmobs boloSi darTul -a xmovans, romelic garkveul poziciebSi gvxvdeba, kerZod, roca sintagmaSi naTesaobiTis formiT gamoxatuli saxeli mosdevs sxva formiT mocemul saxels (leqsi poetisa), anda roca Tanxmovanze gaTavebul sityvas mosdevs erTmarcvliani zmna (ara maqvs, rogora xar?). isini SeiZleba mxolod citatebsa da magaliTebSi Segvxvdes.

roca saxelis fuZiseul xmovans elizia mosdis (ikumSeba) xmovniT dawyebuli sami brunvis (naT., moqm. da viT.) -is, -iT, -ad da mravlobiTis -eb niSnebis win, maSin es xmovani kvadratul frCxilebSia moTavsebuli, mag., Tvali (mxedvelobis organo), naT. Tvalis, magram Tv[a]li (Zvirfasi qva) _ naT. Tvlis, mr. Tvlebi.

sakuTari (pirTa da adgilTa) saxelebi N niSniTaa gamoyofili, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca Zneldeba maTi uceb amocnoba. mag., Tbilisi ar Segvitania, magram misuri dedniseuli rTuli dawerilobis gamo (Missouri) Setanilia.

nacvalsaxelebi, metadre Tu isini deiqtur (CvenebiT) nawilakebs Seicaven, wesebis darRvevis TvalsazrisiT aSkarad gamoirCevian. normatiuli (da zogic aranormatiuli) brunvis formebi frCxilebSia mocemuli saxelobiTSi dasmuli saleqsikono formis Semdeg.

 

zmnisarTebi (zmnizedebi)

 

-(a)d daboloebiani zmnisarTebi calke erTeulebad ar gagvitania, Tu maTi mniSvneloba avtomaturad gamoiyvaneba saxelobiTis -i-ze (an, ufro iSviaTad, sxva xmovnebze) daboloebuli zedsarTavebisagan, romelTagan isini iwarmoeba. Tu zmnisarTs Sesabamis zedsarTavze ufro farTo an idiomaturad gansxvavebuli semantika aqvs, igi calkea Setanili (mag., avadaa ‘is ill / sick’; Sdr. avi ‘evil’; syn. boroti). msgavsadve, -ad daboloebiani formebi, romlebic nawarmoebia myofadis mimReobebisagan, calkea Setanili, Tu maTi mniSvneloba (mag., gasakeTeblad) an xmareba gansxvavdeba imisagan, rasac myofadis mimReobis funqcia gulisxmobs (gasakeTebeli). roca zedsarTavi mxolod Teoriulad arsebobs (mag., gamoumSvidobebeli), xolo zmnisarTuli forma Cveulebrivia (gamoumSvidobeblad), maSin zmnisarTuli forma calke erTeuladaa Setanili.

 

zmnebi

 

nebismier winamorbed orenovan leqsikonebTan SedarebiT, am leqsikonSi zmnebi yvelaze vrclad aris warmodgenili. qegl-is msgavsad, calke saleqsikono erTeulad viZleviT ara marto nazmnar saxels (masdars), aramed mesame piris mxoloobiTis formas (an mravlobiTsac, roca mxoloobiTi ar arsebobs) awmyoSi an myofadSi _ rogorc aqtiuri (gardamavali vt), ise pasiuri (gardauvali vi) formiT, mesame piris iribi obieqtis niSnebiTurT. es wesi irRveva ramdenime mo- preverbian zmnaSi, romlebSic iribi obieqti ar SeiZleba iyos mesame piri. amitom mesame piris Ø-, s-, h- niSnebs vanacvlebT obieqturi pirveli piris m- niSniT _ imis saCveneblad, rom amgvari zmnebis iribi obieqti SeiZleba iyos mxolod I an II piri (mag., momcems, romelsac upirispirdeba obieqturi me-3 piris forma miscems). zogi zmna garkveuli semantikis gamoxatvisas mxolod me-2 piris formiT gvxvdeba (gagixaria). aseTi sityvebi ukve aRar warmoadgens namdvil zmnebs da isini calke erTeulebadaa Setanili, sadac maT iseTi idiomaturi mniSvneloba aqvT, romelic maT ufro zmnisarTebad, Sorisdebulebad da a.S. aqcevs. 

Tu zmnas aqvs xmovani prefiqsebiT (a-, e-, i-, u-) nawarmoebi relatiuri iribobieqtiani formebi, isini calke saleqsikono erTeulebs qmnian da es xmovnebi anbanuri rigiTaa dalagebuli (mag.: awers, ewereba, iwers, uwers). Tuki gardamaval zmnas aqvs iribi obieqti (an inversiuli zmnis subieqt-agenti), romelsac  Zirze darTuli h- an s- prefiqsi aRniSnavs, aseTi formebi Setanilia anbanur rigSi am TanxmovanTa gauTvaliswineblad _ piris prefiqsebis gareSe, zmnis fuZis sawyisi asos mixedviT (mag., hgavs g-zea gatanili, xolo sZinavs _ Z-ze). anbanis rigis amgvari “darRvevis” naTelsayofad s-/h- prefiqsebi zmnuri Ziris win odnav maRlaa dabeWdili. garkveul gaqvavebul formebSi (mag., sdeq!) fuZes Sexorcebuli prefiqsi gaTvaliswinebulia anbanur saTvalavSi. 

zmnebi, romelTac, garda pirdapiri da/an iribi obieqtebisa, moepovebaT vinmesTvis moqmedebis ‘gankuTvneba-daniSnulebis’ kategoriac da amas xmovanprefiqsi gamoxatavs, asea klasificirebuli: vo uCvenebs gardamavali zmnis saobieqto qcevas, sadac me-3 piris qceva miniSnebulia u- prefiqsiT. gardamaval zmnebs, romelTa Zirs win uZRvis i- xmovani refleqsurobis (ukuqceviTobis) saCveneblad, gamoxatavs vs simbolo gardamavali zmnis sasubieqto qcevis  aRsaniSnavad. Zalze mcirericxovani a- prefiqsiani zmnebi, romlebic miuTiTeben zedapirs, sadac an romlis mimarTac xdeba moqmedeba, aRniSnulia v sup niSniT _ gardamavali zmnis ‘sazedao qcevis’ saCveneblad. gardauvali zmnebi, romelTa e- prefiqsi uCvenebs moqmedebis ‘gankuTvneba-daniSnulebas’, anda moqmedebis monawiles, oRond ara subieqts, leqsikonSi qcevian zmnebad ar xasiaTdeba, ubralod, vi2  niSniT aRiniSneba. es aris orpiriani gardauvali zmna.

me-3 piris awmyo/myofadis TxrobiTi kilos formis Semdeg Cven viZleviT, qegl-is kvalze, imave piris aoristisa da perfeqtis formebs mxoloobiTSi. Tu aoristis sxva formebi ar iwarmoeba me-3 piris mxoloobiTis formis mixedviT, viZleviT me-2 piris mxoloobiTisa da, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, me-3 piris mravlobiTis formebsac. awmyos, namyo usrulisa da a.S. sxva arawesieri formebi  mosdevs TurmeobiTis formas. mraval arawesier zmnas (romelTac akaki SaniZe ‘Tavisebur zmnebs’ uwodebs) aseve calke saleqsikono erTeuli eTmoba aoristis, TurmeobiTis an namyo usrulis formebisaTvis, roca Zneldeba maTi Secnoba awmyos an myofadis TxrobiTi kilos formebad.

nazmnari saxelis (masdaris) Semdeg frCxilebSi viZleviT mesame piris awmyos an myofadis formebs, romlebsac SeiZleba ‘nawarmoebi’ ewodos: leqsikonis momxmarebelma maqsimaluri informaciis misaRebad mudam awmyo/myofadis formebs unda mimarTos.

 

zmnis aspeqti

 

qarTul aspeqtis kategorias Cven farTo TvalsazrisiT vudgebiT, xolo termin (zmnis) ‘aspeqtisaTvis’ inglisur Targmans viyenebT. Tuki qarTul zmnas inglisuri awmyos formiT (present tense) vTargmniT, es imas niSnavs, rom zmna usruli aspeqtisaa; Tuki  viyenebT myofads (future tense), es niSnavs, rom zmna sruli aspeqtisaa. qarTuli zmna xSirad usrulic SeiZleba iyos da srulic; inglisur Targmans viZleviT awmyos (present) an myofadis (future) formebiT _ imis mixedviT, Tu romelia yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli forma, magram aseTi zmna gamovxatavT I/P -iT, rac aRniSnavs rogorc usrul, ise srul aspeqts.

roca zmnas awmyoSi preverbi ar daerTvis da igi usruli aspeqtisaa, zmnis mniSvnelobebi umetesad lagdeba im preverbis mixedviT, romelsac zmna irTavs aoristisa da TurmeobiTis sawarmoeblad (da romelic Teoriulad mas sruli aspeqtis formad aqcevs). Teoriuladac da praqtikuladac nebismieri preverbiani sruli aspeqtis zmnis mniSvneloba unda moinaxos upreverbo usrul zmnaSi. amitom saleqsikono erTeulis bolos Cven CamovTvliT yvela sxva preverbs, romlebic zmnurma formam SeiZleba dairTos, da mkiTxvelsac swored am preverbian formebTan vgzavniT.

 

kauzativebi

 

       kauzativs qarTulSi ori ZiriTadi mniSvneloba aqvs: ‘ake-

Tebinebs’ SeiZleba niSnavdes: ‘aiZulebs vinmes risame gakeTebas’ da: ‘exmareba vinmes ramis gakeTebaSi’. orive mniSvneloba erTsa da imave konstruqcias iyenebs: is, vinc aiZules raRaca gaekeTebina, iribi obieqtia, xolo is, rac gaakeTebines vinmes _ pirdapiri obieqti. magram TargmanSi kauzativis forma, Cveulebriv, asaxavs mxolod erT romelime mniSvnelobas, romelic konteqstiT ufro Seefereba saTqmels. amrigad, kauzativebis (iseve rogorc uaryofiTi Tu myofadis mimReobebis) Targmnisas leqsikonis momxmarebels SeuZlia orive SesaZlebloba gaiTvaliswinos. kauzativs aRniSnavs vc.

 

mimReobebi

 

  mimReobebi iTargmneba awmyosa Tu myofadis formebis miuTiTeblad, vinaidan masdari Tu piriani formebi, romlebisganac iwarmoebian isini, Cveulebriv, advilad amoicnoba. zog mimReobas ormagi mniSvneloba aqvs: mag., u- prefiqsiani da tipobrivi -el sufiqsiani uaryofiTi mimReobebi SeiZleba aRniSnavdes rogorc “gaukeTebels” (rac ar gakeTebula), ise “gaukeTebads” (rac ver gakeTdeba). Targmanma SeiZleba mxolod ufro daazustos namdvili mniSvneloba. msgavsadve, sa- prefiqsian da tipobriv -el (an nulovan) sufiqsian myofadis mimReobasac SeiZleba ori (zogjer sami) mniSvneloba hqondes: ‘rac unda gakeTdes’ da ‘riTac unda gakeTdes’ (Sdr.: ‘didi sarecxi aqvs’ da: ‘sarecxi manqana aqvs’). aqac TargmanSi SeiZleba yovelTvis ver aisaxos orive es potenciuri mniSvneloba.

        zmnis upiro formaTagan leqsikonSi masdari da yvela mimReoba (awmyos, myofadis, uaryofiTi, namyo vnebiTisa) cal-calke erTeulebadaa gatanili. mijna zedsarTavsa da mimReobas Soris, anda ‘masdarsa’ da saxels Soris mouxelTebelia, da Cven iqiT vixrebiT, rom mimReoburi formebi zedsarTavebs mivakuTvnoT, Tu isini ar Seesabamebian zmnis pirian formebs. absoluturi Tanmimdevrulobis miRweva SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda, magram vamjobineT sityvaTa klasifikacia mogvexdina ufro maTi semantikis, vidre formis mixedviT.

saleqsikono erTeulTa aseTi simravle (zogjer erTi sityva-statia erTi zmnis oc pirian formas Seicavs, maSin roca sxva Cveulebriv leqsikonSi tradiciulad TiTo zmnas TiTo saleqsikono erTeuli eTmoba) Zalian zrdis Cveni leqsikonis moculobas, magram, samagierod, imedia, dros dauzogavs momxmarebels. yvela sxva proceduras, Cveni azriT, wamgebi mxare ufro meti aRmoaCndeba, vidre momgebi. CamoTvlili formebi masdarTan arcTu iSviaTad xelovnuria, vinaidan bevr zmnas masdari ar gaaCnia, xolo sxvebs masdari ki aqvT, magram maTi mniSvnelobis garkveva zogjer Wirs, da TviT am masdarsac mniSvnelobaTa iseTi farTo are aqvs, rom didad ver gvSvelis piriani formis mniSvnelobis dadgenaSi. k. Cxenkelis mier arCeuli gza zmnebis jer Zirebis, Semdeg ki prefiqsebis mixedviT dalagebisa mxolod profesional lingvists Tu daakmayofilebs, Cveulebriv momxmarebels ki igi mTel saaTs daakargvinebs ama Tu im specifikuri piriani formis ZebnaSi. sanam eleqtronuli sistema imdenad ar daixveweba, rom TiTo saleqsikono erTeulSi TiTo qarTuli zmna moeqces qarTuli zmnis formaTa uzarmazari siis unificirebis Sedegad, Cven mier (arn. Ciqobavas mibaZviT) arCeuli gza yvelaze mosaxerxebeli da amitom yvelaze nakleb borotebad gvesaxeba.

 

zmnaTa klasifikacia

Cven sagrZnoblad gavamartiveT qarTul zmnaTa is klasifikacia, romelic miRebulia lingvistebs Soris da gamoyenebulia qegl-Si. zmnebs Cvenc gardamavlebad miviCnevT im kriteriumiT, rom formaTa meore seriaSi (aoristsa da meore kavSirebiTSi) subieqti, anu agenti dgas moTxrobiT brunvaSi; Tu maT moepovebaT subieqti da erTi (Cveulebriv, pirdapiri) obieqti, gardamavlobis sxva detalebi (mag., pirTa raodenoba) aRar migviTiTebia. qarTuli zmnis gardamavloba inglisur TargmanSi naCvenebia sb / sth (somebody /something ‘vinme/rame’) mimarTebiT. Tu zmnas mxolod subieqti Seewyoba (rogoricaa, mag., tiris), igi aRiniSneba vt1 niSniT, e. i. gardamavali zmna erTpiriania. Tu zmnas moepoveba subieqtic da orive obieqti _ pirdapiric da iribic, maSin mas miwerili aqvs vt3, e.i. gardamavali zmna sampiriania (TiTo-orola zmnas SeiZleba oTxi piric hqondes da isini vt4-iT aRiniSneba, mag., miWmevs ‘igi Cems cxens aWmevs qers’, anda _ kauzativis gamoyenebiT: aravis damiCagvrino Cemi patara biWi.). gardamavali orpiriani zmna vt2-iT aRiniSneba mxolod maSin, roca arc qarTuli da arc inglisuri konteqstis semantikidan naTlad ar Cans, pirdapir obieqtTan gvaqvs saqme, Tu subieqt-agentTan.

sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tu zmnis subieqti saxelobiTSia namyo srulTan, maSin  igi xasiaTdeba, rogorc gardauvali _ vi. Tuki  zmnas iribi obieqtic aqvs (mag., gamoudis, ezrdeba), maSin igi aRiniSneba vi2-iT. ramdenime gardauvali zmna sampiriania. isini aRniSnulia vi3 niSniT, mag., daesesxeba’ (fuls, purs), anda: daeZaleba, moundeba. mag.: foTamde or dRes movundi siaruls’.

gardauval zmnas, Cveulebriv, axlavs gardamavali formac, romlisganac mosalodnelia, rom gardauvali zmna nawarmoebi iyos, da misi semantikis Sesaxeb meti cnobebi SeiZleba movipovoT iq, sadac meTaur sityvad zmnis gardamavali forma aris warmodgenili.

 

zmnis sxva tipebi

 

amrigad, Cven davaRwieT Tavi e.w. ‘saSuali’ zmnebis kategorias. es aris saganTa statikuri mdgomareobis amsaxveli metad mcirericxovani zmnebi (mag., wevs, devs). isini aRiniSneba v stat-iT , agreTve v stat 2, roca kidev erTi piri mogvepoveba (mag., vinme _ iribi obieqti, romelsac uwevs vinme an udevs rame). Zalian mcirea iseTi mniSvnelovani zmnebis ricxvi, romlebTanac ganmcdeli an mflobeli piri irib obieqtad miiCneva, xolo is piri, romelic TviTon aris gancdisa Tu flobis sagani, _ subieqtad. esenia inversiuli zmnebi, romlebic  v  inv(2) simboloTi aRiniSneba. am SemTxvevaSi aq mogvyavs maTi xmarebis nimuSebi, raTa vuCvenoT, rogor iqceva aseTi zmna.

marTvis gansxvavebuli wesebis mqone zmnebs axlavs SeniSvna. mag., aiwevs, romelic gardamavalia meore seriaSi (roca subieqti moTxrobiTSia), mesameSi ki _ gardauvali, da igi ase aRiniSneba: vt  in  aor,  vi in  pf (aiwia, aweula).

 

sxva metyvelebis nawilebi

 

qarTuli da inglisuri kavSirebi da Sorisdebulebi didad ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. sxva saqmea Tandebulebi. Cven adgilisa da drois zmnisarTebisagan gamovacalkeveT iseTebi, romelTac Tandebulis funqciis Sesrulebac SeuZliaT (mag.: win, ukan, zemoT, qvemoT, gverdiT, Semdeg...) da romelTac mniSvnelobiT inglisuri windebulebi miesadageba. maT Cven aRvniSnavT pag da pad simboloebiT, romlebic miuTiTebs, rom isini Tandebulebad gamoiyeneba, xolo maTi momdevno saxelebi, Sesabamisad, naTesaobiTSi an micemiTSi dgas.

 

Zveli qarTuli

 

Zveli qarTuli tevadi, yovlismomcveli terminia, romelic moicavs ax. w. V-XI saukuneebSi Seqmnili werilobiTi Zeglebis enas. misi sruli korpusi jer kidev daudgenelia da ZvelqarTuli sityvebis Semcvel nebismier leqsikons sabolood ver miviCnevT. sityva aRiniSneba (‡)-iT, Tu igi dadasturebulia am xanis teqstebSi da Tu XII saukunidan igi an gamosulia xmarebidan, anda sxva mniSvneloba aqvs SeZenili. mravali aseTi sityva, gansakuTrebiT, zmnebi, yvela formiT rodi dasturdeba. amitom Cven ver vavsebT paradigmebs da Tavs vikavebT awmyo/myofadis momdevnod aoristisa Tu TurmeobiTis formaTa gamogonebisagan. Svidi saukunis ganmavlobaSi dawerilobaTa farTo are Seiqmna. amitom Cven veyrdnobiT i. abulaZisa da z. sarjvelaZis gadawyvetilebebs Zveli qarTulis normatiuli formebis kvalifikaciaSi. Zvel qarTul asoebs, iseve rogorc dialeqtis SemTxvevaSi, Cven axali dawerilobiT gadmovcemT (mag., â-s nacvlad vxmarobT x-s), xmovanze gaTavebuli saxelis -Î daboloeba ki movSaleT. Zveli qarTuli umarcvlo u (zogan) gadmocemulia v grafemiT, roca Tanamedrove qarTuls identuri forma moepoveba, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki gadmocemulia u-Ti. Zveli qarTuli  da â Sesabamisad gadmogvaqvs vi kompleqsiT da x- asoTi. Zvel qarTul formebSi defisiT SeerTeba (garda garkveuli literaturuli tradiciisa) xSirad gadamweris nebasa Tu Cvevaze iyo damokidebuli, rac aZnelebda SeTanxmebas. Zveli qarTulis sityvebis Targmnisas SevecadeT miukerZoeblebi vyofiliyaviT, magram bibliis qarTul TargmanebSi dadasturebuli sityvebisaTvis saukeTeso inglisuri ekvivalentis Ziebisas Cven araerTxel migvimarTavs mefe jeims I-is redaqciisaTvis.

 

dialeqturi sityvebi

 

zogierTi qarTuli dialeqti (fSauri, imeruli...) dawvrilebiTaa Seswavlili. TiTo-orola Tu darCa TiTqmis sruliad Seuswavleli (mag., qarTuli ebrauli). yvela SemTxvevaSi is mwerlebi, romlebic dialeqts intensiurad iyeneben, anda eTnologebi, romlebic kreben aseT masalas, sityvaTa sxvadasxvagvar transkribirebas mimarTaven. Cven avirCieT yvelaze gavrcelebuli da tradiciuli meTodi, viyenebT ra mxolod im asoebs, prefiqsebsa da sufiqsebs, romlebic ixmareba Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normaTa mixedviT. ase rom, sinamdvileSi dialeqtur elements ZiriTadad SenarCunebuli aqvs Tavisi Ziriseuli semantikuri mniSvneloba, xolo dialeqturi sityvis fonetikuri saxis zustad gadmoReba Cven ar gvicdia.

amgvarad, Zveli qarTuli Ã, romelic dResac gvxvdeba mTis zog dialeqtSi, TuSurSi warmodgenili xmovanTa Zlieri SemarTva-damarTva [ ] da mokle i, anda ingilouris umlautiani xmovnebi saliteraturo enaSi xmarebuli fonemebiT CavanacvleT. aseve, normebs SevusabameT zogi dialeqturi zmniswini, gansakuTrebiT zmnis xmovanprefiqsebis, magaliTad, qcevis niSnebis win: imerulsa da qarTul ebraulSi arsebul dee-s gadmovcemT dae-Ti, xolo fSaur ma-sa da Sa-s, Sesabamisad, _ mo-Ti da Se-Ti. roca dialeqti (mag., xevsuruli) III piris iribi obieqtis gamosaxatavad R-s iyenebs, mas Cven fuZis nawilad miviCnevT da ar vuTanabrebT h-sa da s-s, romlebic anbanur rigze gavlenas ver axdenen.

saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom qarTuli ena Zalian mdidaria dialeqtebiT. maT SemounaxavT realiebis saxelebi da cnebebi, romlebic xSirad ikargeba literaturul da metropoliur enaSi; da yvela im sirTulis gamo, romlebic dakavSirebulia normatiul formaTa gverdiT aranormatiul formaTa SetanasTan, SevecadeT SeZlebisdagvarad sruli masala Segvetana. dialeqturi sityvis Semdeg SemoklebiT vuTiTebT am sityvis warmomavlobas, mag., Im  (imeruli), Tu (TuSuri) da sxv. leqsikonSi ar Segvitania, Tu ebrauls ar CavTvliT, saqarTvelos farglebs gareT gavrcelebuli iseTi dialeqtebis masala, rogoricaa TiTqmis gamqrali mozdokuri, ramdenime gamonaklisis garda _ imerxeuli (TurqeTSi) da fereidnuli (iranSi). mwirad aris warmodgenilni aWaruli da ingilouri, romlebSic Turquli modgmis enaTa substrati mZlavrobs.

 

qarTul geografiul saxelTa inglisurad gadmocema

 

im SemTxvevebSi, roca qarTuli toponimi an anTroponimi inglisurad pirdapiri transliteraciiT gadmoicema, isini calke erTeulebad ar gagvitania. zog SemTxvevaSi ki upiratesoba mieniWa qarTuli geografiuli saxelebis  gadmocemis damkvidrebul Zvel formas. magaliTad, ‘kaxeTis’ aRsaniSnavad gamoviyeneT ara Kakheti, aramed Kakhetia _ mxolod imitom, rom inglisurSi ukve damkvidrebulia msgavsi formebi (mag., Ingushetia), xolo -eT- daboloebas is ar icnobs. cxadia, aqac ver moxerxda sruli Tanmimdevrulobis dacva.

 

registruli (stilistikuri) klasifikacia

 

iseve, rogorc sityvebi unda dajgufdes metyvelebis nawilTa mixedviT (saxeli, zmna, gardamavali Tu gardauvali da a.S.), msgavs klasifikacias saWiroebs registric (sxvagvarad mas stilistikur klasifikacias uwodeben): gamoiyofa: sasaubro, literaturuli, wignuri, moZvelebuli, vulgaruli... registri. Cven odnav gavamartiveT qegl-iseuli kvalifikaciebi: poeturi, wignuri, xelovnuri Cven gavaerTianeT wignur-Si, umarTebulo da barbarizmi _ arastandartulSi (nst). sxva SemTxvevebSi, Cveni monacemTa bazis sixSireTa siebis safuZvelze, gavbedeT da sityvebi axleburad davajgufeT. mravali sityva, stalinur xanaSi moZvelebulad rom iTvleboda (vTqvaT, religiuri terminebi), amJamad kvlav Cveulebrivad ixmareba. aseve, bevri ram, rac adre sasaubro Tu umarTebulo formebad miiCneoda, amJamad sayovelTaodaa miRebuli, da piruku: saWirod davinaxeT, sabWouris kvalifikaciiT sagangebod gamogveyo is sityvebi, romlebic dRes ar ixmareba, an SeZenili aqvT ironiuli elferi, gansakuTrebiT, 1989 wlidan moyolebuli. aseve, saWirod vcaniT SemogveRo aRniSvna rusuli iq, sadac Tanamedrove qarTulenovan molaparakes gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom ama Tu im sityvas rusuli etimologia aqvs an rusulis kalkia, da Tumca es ar aris etimologiuri leqsikoni, sityvis ucxour warmomavlobas mxolod maSin aRvniSnavT, roca es gvSvelis im konteqstis ganmartebaSi, romelSic es sityva ixmareba.

sityva vulgaruli gamoyenebulia erTob ‘magar’ gamoTqmebze mkiTxvelis yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad _ rogorc erTgvari gafrTxileba, rom ucxoels ar egebis misi gamoyeneba, TuUTavisuflad ar grZnobs Tavs im wreSi, romelSic imyofeba, da rom zog SemTxvevaSi amgvari sityvebis warmoTqmas meti windaxedulebiT unda moekidos.

sityva sasaubro (©) moicavs vrcel ares _ araoficialuri metyvelebidan vidre narkomanebisa da qurdebis@Jargonamde. msgavsi sityvebis warmoTqmisas meti sifrTxile gvmarTebs, _ Tundac imitom, rom isini maleve gadian xmarebidan.

formaTa didi simravle Tu umetes SemTxvevaSi rgebs qarTul enas, zogjer, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi erTgvarad vnebs kidec mas: zmnebi, gansakuTrebiT ki _ mimReobebi, erTi da imave mniSvnelobis gadmosacemad SeiZleba iyenebdes rogorc sufiqsebian, ise usufiqso formebs. imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli variantebia maTgan ufro gavrcelebuli da misaRebi, SegviZlia vimsjeloT Tanamedrove mwerlebisa Tu Jurnalistebis mier xmarebul formaTa sixSiris mixedviT. am SemTxvevaSi mivmarTavT sagangebo abreviaciebs: st _ normatiulia mokle forma; lst _ normatiulia vrceli forma (mrgval frCxilebSi moqceul elementebianad), sst _ normatiulia mokle forma (frCxilebSi moqceul elementTa gamoklebiT). iq, sadac ramdenime forma Tanamedrove qarTulSi Tanabari sixSiriT ixmareba, amgvari msjelobisagan Cven Tavs vikavebT. kerZod, Zalze xSirad zedsarTavis mniSvnelobiT xmarebisas mimReobis mokle formas eniWeba upiratesoba, zmnisarTad xmarebisas ki _ vrcels.

 

 

sailustracio magaliTebi

 

magaliTebi SerCeulia, pirvel yovlisa, sityvis (gansakuTrebiT zmnis) semantikuri velis sailustraciod, Semdeg _ sityvaTa (gansakuTrebiT isev zmnis) gramatikul urTierTobaTa saCveneblad, anu imis gasarkvevad, saxelebis (ZiriTadad pirdapiri Tu iribi obieqtebis) romel brunvebs marTavs igi. magaliTebi amoRebulia realurad arsebuli teqstebidan (zogi _ adrindeli leqsikonebidanaa, zogic axalia). sxva magaliTebi cocxali sasaubro metyvelebidan aris mopovebuli. zog SemTxvevaSi zmnis dro an piri Secvlilia imis ukeT saCveneblad, Tu romelia pirdapiri obieqti da romeli _ iribi, an subieqtis sqesis daxasiaTebisas arasasiamovno Sedegebisagan Tavis dasaRwevad. gardamavali zmnebi awmyo-myofadis (I) seriaSi iyeneben imave (micemiT) brunvas iribi da pirdapiri obieqtebisaTvis. amitom vcdilobT davasaxeloT iseTi magaliTebi, romlebSic marTvis qarTuli wesi ar Seesabameba inglisurisas. aseTia, mag., aoristi, romelTanac pirdapiri obieqti saxelobiTSia, iribi ki _ micemiTSi (mag.: ‘aikra kabas xeli’). msgavsadve, iq, sadac naTeli ar aris, Tu riT aRiniSneba logikuri subieqti da logikuri iribi obieqti, magaliTebi ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tu erT-erTi maTgani pirveli an meore piri iqneba (mag.: ‘vebralebodiT’).

leqsikonSi didZali raodenobiT gvaqvs Setanili andazebi, maT Soris, zogjer iseTebic ki, romelTa saandazo sibrZnec yovelTvis cxadi ar aris, da met-naklebad Sesabamisi inglisuri andazis Ziebas varCieT sityvasityviT Targmna, zogjer ki sityvasityviTi versia mosdevs mxatvrul interpretacias garkveul sferoebSi (mag., xalxuri zne-Cveulebani, sabavSvo TamaSebi, kulinariis, Sinamrewvelobis terminebi) mizanSewonilad mogveCvena mkiTxvelis interesebis dakmayofileba mokle enciklopediuri aRwerilobiT, gansakuTrebiT, roca qarTul realias ar moepoveba Sesaferisi sityva inglisurSi.

gansakuTrebiT SevecadeT metad CavRrmavebodiT zmnas misi semantikis ukeT dasaxasiaTeblad. es dagvWirda ara marto da ara imdenad saukeTeso inglisuri Sesatyvisis SesarCevad, ramdenadac imisaTvis, rom zmnis win an momdevnod frCxilebSi kursiviT awyobil saxelTa meSveobiT dagvedgina zmnis savaraudo Tu tipobrivi subieqti an obieqti (Tu subieqtis an obieqtis magaliTi kursiviT ar aris awyobili, es imaze miuTiTebs, rom mocemuli saxeli nagulisxmebia moyvanili zmnis mniSvnelobaSi). 

ilustraciebSi meTaur sityvas _ leqsikur erTeuls enacvleba niSani ~ mxolod maSin, Tu ilustracia mas im formiT uCvenebs, romliTac mocemulia igi, rogorc saleqsikono erTeuli (saxelobiTi brunva an mesame piri, mxoloobiTi, awmyo/ myofadi, TxrobiTi). sxva SemTxvevaSi meTauri sityva sruli saxiT iqneba warmodgenili.

 

 

rogor unda vipovoT sityvis saleqsikono forma

 

arsebiTi saxelis, zedsarTavisa Tu nacvalsaxelis saleqsikono formis monaxvisas didi sirTuleebi ar aris mosalodneli, vinaidan saxelobiTi brunvis mxoloobiTis formis gamoyvana iribi brunvebis an mravlobiTis formebidan advilad SeiZleba. siZneleTa 99 procents mTargmnelebs uqmnis zmna, romlis saleqsikono formac (nazmnari saxeli da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, am leqsikonSi mesame piris awmyo-myofadis TxrobiTis forma) aseve advilad ar gamoiyvaneba erT-erTi im aTasi SesaZlo formidan, romlebSic igi ismis Tu ikiTxeba. momxmarebels sWirdeba gramatikuli codnis is minimumi, romelic saSualebas miscems mas, amoicnos nebismieri wesieri zmnis piri, dro-kilouri forma, qceva da gardamavloba. amas garda, tradiciul gramatikebSi mocemulia uRlebis paradigmebi, rac aadvilebs amocnobis am process (Cven rekomendacias vuwevT j. hiuitis wigns “Semswavlelis gramatikis” meore gamocemas).

 

rogor unda vipovoT zmnis saleqsikono forma

upirveles yovlisa: Tu zmna meore seriaSia (aoristi, meore kavSirebiTi), an mesame seriaSi (I da II TurmeobiTebi, III kavSirebiTi), unda moiZebnos awmyo /myofadis TxrobiTi kilos forma (pirveli seriis formebi). amrigad: gamovida unda inaxos gamova an gamodis formebze, anda: dasjdomia unda inaxos daujdeba formasTan.

meore: yvela piris niSani CaanacvleT mxoloobiTis mesame piris niSnebiT: Tu SegxvdebaT gviweren, am zmnas naxavT uwers formaze. aseve, meubnebi unda moinaxos mxolod eubneba formasTan, anda: momwonxar unda inaxos moswons formaze (anbanur rigSi s elementis gauTvaliswineblad).

mesame: Zalze iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, roca am cdebs momxmarebeli ar mihyavs saleqsikono formasTan, maSin saqme gvqonia iSviaT, gamogonil an TviT beWdvis SecdomasTanac ki. amitom unda gadadgaT Semdegi eqsperimentuli nabijebi:

a. Tu zmnis Zirs erTvis qcevis u- prefiqsi (mi-, gi-, gvi-), romelic miuTiTebs im pirs, visTvisac xdeba moqmedeba, moacileT prefiqsi da daakvirdiT uprefiqsod darCenil formas (gaxsovdeT, rom i- prefiqsi gardamaval zmnaSi SeiZleba zogjer ubralod srul aspeqtze miuTiTebdes, mag., myofadis formaze, xolo, zog SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa ukbens, analogiuri funqcia eqneba u- prefiqssac).

b. Tu zmna dairTavs ga-, da-, Ca- da sxva preverbebs, zmna unda moinaxos upreverbo formebze, anda erTi preverbi unda Seicvalos meoriT (mag., ga-s nacvlad da- da a.S., an piriqiT).

g. Tu zmna kauzativis formaSia (e.i. dairTavs -ebin- an -evin sufiqss Ziris momdevnod), moacileT kauzativis infiqsi: leqsikonSi Cven SevitaneT yvela dadasturebuli kauzativi, romelsac ki mivakvlieT, magram qarTvel mwerals SeuZlia kauzativis forma awarmoos nebismieri arakauzatiuri zmnisagan.

d.  gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi SesaZleblobebi (aseTi midgoma dagexmarebaT nebismieri sityvis moZebnaSi, romelsac maSinve ver ipoviT leqsikonSi):

 

i - sityva faqtobriv sakuTari (piris, adgilis...) saxeli an ucxouri sityvaa (mag., rusuli...) qarTuli transkrifciiT: igi mxolod transliteraciiT unda iyos warmodgenili;

ii - sityva SeiZleba mcdarad iyos dabeWdili (samwuxarod, isini ufro gaxSirda mas Semdeg, rac sabWoTa totalitarizmi daemxo);

iii - sityva SeiZleba alternatiuli iyos, mag., dialeqturi forma, romelic Cven ar Cagviweria: am SemTxvevaSi jer CaanacvleT Tavkiduri Ziriseuli Tanxmovani, mag., mJReri xSuli yru TanxmovniT (fSvinvieriT an mkveTriT), fSvinvieri _ mkveTriT an piriqiT (mag., y > R), an CaanacvleT va kompleqsi o xmovniT, an erTmaneTs SeunacvleT Ziriseuli xmovnebi (urTierTCanacvlebadi xmovnebia o da u, a da e). scadeT gansxvavebuli preverbebic.

iv - Tu arc erTi es xerxi ar gamogadgaT, gTxovT eleqtronuli fostiT daukavSirdeT am leqsikonis Semdgenlebs daMaRniSnoT Cven mier gamorCenili sityva.

 

 

leqsikonis istoriisaTvis

 

am leqsikonis ZiriTadi principebi moxsenebis saxiT waredgina evropel kavkasiologTa sazogadoebis (SCE) IV kolokviums, romelic gaimarTa parizSi 1988 wels (ix. D. Rayfield, ‘Drudgery of Words’, in Cathérine Paris (ed.), Caucasologie et mythologie comparée. Paris: Peeters, 1992, pp. 485-9). aqedan moyolebuli, mxolod Tormeti wlis Semdeg _ internetis miRwevebis, britaneTSi samecniero muSaobis guluxvi dafinansebis, agreTve londonsa da TbilisSi leqsikonis SemdgenelTa gundis Sewyobili muSaobis bednierma damTxvevam gaxada SesaZlebeli aseTi proeqtis xorcSesxma. am SesaZleblobis warmatebiT ganxorcielebas unda vumadlodeT fonds _ The Arts and Humanities Research Council for England and Wells (xelovnebisa da humanitarul dargebSi kvlevaTa sabWos fonds, gankuTvnils inglisisa da uelsisaTvis) da The Leverhulme Trust-s 2001 wels).

leqsikonze uSualo muSaobis dawyebamde principebis daxvewa-ganxilva mimdinareobda doc. TinaTin margalitaZesTan SeTanxmebiT. muSaoba daiwyo qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulis saleqsikono statiebisa da gramatikuli informaciis eleqtronuli versiis gamzadebiT da T. margalitaZis mier 1993-2003 wlebSi gamocemuli inglisur-qarTuli leqsikonis pirveli naxevris (A-M) eleqtronuli versiis gamoyenebiT. am masalis konvertacia ganaxorciela prof. levan CxaiZem. qegl-is ‘gainglisurebuli’ Savi cali moamzades prof. donald reifildma (I-IV da VIII tomebi) da doqt. lorens broersma (V-VII tomebi). pirveli sami tomisaTvis es samuSao baraTobrivi sistemiT ganaxorciela doc. ariane Wanturiam; Semdgomi muSaoba mimdinareobda baraTebis gareSe. mTeli es masala gamowvlilviT Seamowmes ariane Wanturiam da Suqia afridoniZem (mogvianebiT baraTobrivi wesiT a. Wanturias ramdenime asistentis daxmarebiT, momzadda danarCeni tomebis masalac, romelic, a. Wanturias garda, gadaamowma S. afridoniZemac, Tumca am masalis srulad gamoyeneba teqnikurad veRar moeswro). paralelurad, levan CxaiZem da daviT jaSma internetuli saZiebo sistemis Sesaqmnelad moaxdines irakli iakobaSvilis mier momzadebuli qarTuli presis monacemTa bazis adaptacia. mogvianebiT es monacemebi Seivso Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerlobis (maT Soris, qegl-Si jer kidev daumowmebeli avtorebisa Tu mTargmnelebis) teqstebis bankiT, Tavisi internetuli saZiebo sistemiT. Sevsebuli monacemTa baza gadmoitvirTa Semdgom sityvanSi, romelmac gamoavlina qegl-sa da sxva wyaroebSi daudasturebeli sityvebi. sasaubro qarTuli leqsikisa da metyvelebis Sesaswavlad lorens broersma bolo wlebSi ramdenime savele muSaoba Caatara, maT Soris yvelaze xangrZlivi _ 2004 wlis Semodgomaze.

meore Savi xelnaweri, romelSic Tavmoyrilia yvela damateba-Sesworebani, moamzada d. reifildma 2005 wels. manve Seitana axali damatebani Zveli qarTulis, moZvelebuli Tu dialeqturi  leqsikisa da sasaubro masalis CaTvliT. es ukanaskneli Seamowma prof. S. afridoniZem. xelnawers daemata prof. ruben enuqaSvilis mier Sekrebili 2000-ze meti sityva qarTuli enis ebrauli metyvelebidan qarTuli ganmartebebiTurT. mTeli es masala ganixiles dasavleTSi prof. jorj hiuitma da prof. qevin TuiTma (man mxolod nawilobriv moaswro wakiTxva), xolo saqarTveloSi _ prof. zurab kiknaZem da doqt. rusudan amirejibma, iseve rogorc a. Wanturiam da S. afridoniZem. mas Semdeg, rac saboloo IV redaqcia mTlianad gadaikiTxa r. amirejibma, xelnaweri daakabadona da 2006 wlisaTvis dasabeWdad gaamzada d. reifildma.

SesaZloa, leqsikonze muSaobisas miRebuli zogi rCeva SemTxveviT arasworad gavige, zogic ar gaviziare da, marTebulad Tu umarTebulod, mainc Cemeburad gadavwyvite. ramdenadac saboloo gadawyvetileba me, rogorc mTavar redaqtors, unda mimeRo da leqsikonis Sedgenis fizikuri Sromac me mqonda nakisrebi, mTels pasuxismgeblobas yvela Secdomaze, gamorCenil sityvebsa Tu sxva xarvezebze Cems Tavze viReb. yvela konstruqciul SeniSvnas mivesalmebi da madlierebiT miviReb am misamarTiT:

d.rayfield@qmul.ac.uk.

 

donald reifildi

 

 

madloba xelSewyobisaTvis

 

madlierebiT (da gulistkiviliT) gvinda movixsenioT aw gansvenebuli akad. evgeni xaraZe, romelmac saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidentobis dros (1970-ian wlebSi) Segvivso nakluli tomebi qegl-isa da amiT iribad STagvagona Tamami da im droisaTvis jer kidev warmoudgeneli idea vrceli qarTul-inglisuri leqsikonis Sedgenisa.

faunisa da floris aRmniSvneli qarTuli terminebis dasadgenad faseul konsultaciebs gviwevdnen cnobili specialistebi: ivane naxucriSvili (botanikis instituti), revaz Jordania, arnold gegeWkori (Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis zoologiis kaTedra), irakli eliava, †Teimuraz musxeliSvili (zoologiis instituti), meri kvaWantiraZe (mcenareTa dacvis instituti).

sagangebo madloba ekuTvnis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis direqciasa da samecniero biblioTekas iv. javaxiSvilis redaqciiT gamocemuli “saqarTvelos Sinamrewvelobisa da xelosnobis masalebis” yvela tomis usasyidlod gadmocemisaTvis.

madlobas movaxsenebT arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis institutis direqciasa da samecniero biblioTekas, aseve calkeul avtorebs (romlebTanac xangrZlivi nacnoboba da TanamSromloba gvakavSirebs sxvadasxva wlebSi qarTvelologTaTvis metad sasargeblo literaturiT momaragebisaTvis.

CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT faseuli aRmoCnda is werilobiTi masala, romelic sagangebod am leqsikonisaTvis Seqmnes botanikosma ivane naxucriSvilma, romelmac mogvawoda SeZlebisdagvarad sruli nusxa sokoebis qarTul-laTinur-rusuli saxelebisa, mweralma da mTargmnelma nodar ebraliZem mecxeneobis zogi, Cvens wyaro-leqsikonebSi daudasturebeli terminisa da saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani geografiuli saxelebis, kerZod, mTebisa da mTiani soflebis Sesaxeb). madlobiT aRvniSnavT mecnierisa da mwerlis, prof. vaxuSti kotetiSvilis konsultaciebs, gansakuTrebiT, qarTuli andazebis interpretaciebTan dakavSirebiT.

madlobas movaxsenebT yvela im pirs (nacnobsa Tu ucnobs), romlebic SeZlebisdagvar daxmarebas gviwevdnen muSaobis sxvadasxva etapze. maT Soris, pirvel yovlisa, Cvens megobars gia maCabels, romlis stumarTmoyvare saxli TbilisSi iyo leqsikonze momuSaveTa myudro da xalisiani sadguri da romelic Tavis axloblebTan erTad mudam mzad iyo yovelgvari xelSewyobisaTvis.

 

avtorTa koleqtivi